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・ Columbia-Tusculum, Cincinnati
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Columbia Springs
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Columbia Springs : ウィキペディア英語版
Columbia Springs

|Columbia Springs by artist Tommy Daughtry, from eyewitness accounts.

Columbia Springs, also known as “Stovall’s Springs,” was an early hotel and health spa located on Pearl River near Columbia, Mississippi. Built by proprietor Charles Stovall early in the 19th century, it was the most famous health retreat in South Mississippi during the period, mostly catering to the aristocracy of the region. Planters, politicians, merchants and attorneys alike were drawn from as far away as New Orleans, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi likely paving the way for the hotel’s temporary status as Mississippi state capital in 1821. Unfortunately, a gentleman’s disagreement occurring at the hotel ultimately led to two separate dueling incidents, which likely contributed to the decline of the establishment.
==Beginnings==

Mineral spring retreats and spas were fashionable in the early 19th century and natural springs were abundant in Marion County, Mississippi due to the Pearl River. Just north of Columbia, Mississippi, Charles Stovall constructed “Columbia Springs” near the eastern banks of Pearl River and the mouth of Buckhorn Creek. The large wood frame hotel building was three stories high with suites on each floor and verandas overlooking the Pearl River. The interiors were lavishly furnished and finished in fine hardwoods such as mahogany, oak and walnut.〔History of Marion County, Mississippi, Walsworth Publishing, 1976, page 18.〕
Columbia Springs was advertised as having medicinal properties and promoted good health which attracted seasonal visitors, many of them the most influential in southern antebellum society. Visitors enjoyed more than bathing, they also hunted, fished, played billiards and raced horses.
While documentation is scarce, sources suggest that several soldiers of Andrew Jackson’s army were sent to the springs to recuperate after the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. In 1826, shortly before Columbia Springs fell into decline, Stovall ran the following advertisement in a Natchez newspaper:
"COLUMBIA SPRINGS – The public is again respectfully invited to turn its attention to these celebrated Springs, the waters of which have been found, by experience, to be efficacious in the preservation of health, and also a powerful auxiliary for the restoration of that invaluable blessing, to convalescents from acute diseases. The virtue of these waters, the salubrity of the atmosphere, and the very extensive and improved style of the accommodations since last year, will, it is confidently believed, ensure to the visitants a more desirable retreat than is to be found in this section of the United States. The mineral qualities of these waters have been tested by scientific gentlemen, and although the exact proportion of the ingredients was not accurately established, enough was ascertained to prove them highly medicinal. The predominant quality of the water is diuretic; the tonic and aperients qualities are considerable; in short, these waters promote the different secretions, by imparting tone and vigor to the system.
The Columbia Springs are situated near the bank of Pearl River, about two miles from the town of Columbia, and sixty-five miles from Covington, surrounded by a country remarkable for its health and the salubrity of its atmosphere. Large and commodious buildings, both for individuals and families, in addition to those of last year, are in a state of forwardness. Warm and cold baths, shower baths, &c are in readiness: Preparations are also making for the different species of fashionable amusements, practiced at such places; while a place of retirement is reserved for persons of serious and contemplative habits. The river and creeks, in the immediate vicinity, abound with fish of various descriptions, and the forests with game. The surrounding country is level and agreeable, and the roads are generally good. Accommodations may always be had in the town of Columbia, which is sufficiently near, to render a morning and evening ride to it, both pleasant and beneficial.
No expense or trouble will be spared, to procure every convenience and accommodation, the country will afford, to render a visit to these springs, either amusing or beneficial. For the satisfaction of the community at large, and for the better information of strangers, it may be necessary to refer to gentlemen who have visited these waters, and know their qualities; and who can give information respecting accommodations, and other particulars;-Among these, I shall only name the following gentlemen –
Gen. Ripley, A. Hennen Esq., Rev. Dr. Clapp, J. B. Curtis, Esq., Messrs, Hyde and Merritt, Mr. Aldridge, Mr. Jolly of New Orleans; Elijah Clark, Esq. of Point Coupee; Judge Jones, and Mr. Bayley of Covington; Dr. Cooper, and Col. Hamilton of St. Francisville; David Wood Esq., C. B. Green Esq., T. B. Reed Esq., Col. Joseph Sessions, Mr. Conner, Mr. Tichenor, Gov. Holmes, Judge Ellis, Capt. James K. Cook, Judge Stockton of Natchez; Gen. Joor, Harry Cage Esq., Judge Hampton, Gov. Poindexter, Col. Hadley, Mr. Haile of Wilkinson County; Cowles Meade Esq., Mr. Ross, Mr. Turnbull of Jefferson County; Mr. Vertner, Dr. David Dickson, Chancellor Clark, Judge Child, Mr. Woolley, Mr. Vandorn, Mr. Denny, and Mr. Lake of Port Gibson; Dr. T. Anderson, Mr. Hyland, Mr. Evans of Warren County; H. G. Runnels Esq., J. A. Grimball Esq. Jackson: these gentlemen, by giving as extensive publicity to this notice as may be convenient, together with such information, relative to the subject, as they may possess, will confer a particular favor on
Their humble servant, CHARLES STOVALL
Rates of Boarding- By the month, $20.00; by the week, $6.00; per day $1.00; horse per month, $15.00. An ample supply of the best of wines and spirits the New Orleans market affords, will be kept for the accommodation of visitants. April 26, 1826."〔Natchez Democrat, 1826.


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